One of the most common questions foreign buyers ask is whether they can legally own freehold land (Hak Milik) in Bali. The confusion comes from agents, lawyers, and even some developers who loosely use the word “freehold,” mixing it with nominee arrangements or HGB corporate titles. But Indonesia’s legal framework is extremely clear — and publicly available for anyone who wants to read it.

According to the Indonesian Agrarian Law (UUPA No. 5 of 1960), only Indonesian citizens can hold Hak Milik. You can read the government’s own publication of this law at Bahasa Indonesia, official government publication. Hak Milik is the only permanent, inheritable ownership title. Foreigners — whether individuals, companies, or foreigners married to Indonesians — are prohibited from holding it. This is not an interpretation. It is the legal baseline that every safe investment decision must begin with.

Why Foreigners Cannot Legally Hold Freehold (Hak Milik)

Hak Milik is defined under Indonesian law as the highest and strongest land title, and the government reiterates this restriction across multiple official bodies:

1. Ministry of Agrarian Affairs / BPN – Official Statement

The National Land Agency (BPN) explicitly confirms that only Indonesian citizens may own land with Hak Milik status.

2. Indonesian Investment Authority (BKPM)

BKPM clarifies that foreign-owned companies (PT PMA) cannot hold Hak Milik and that land purchased by a PT PMA automatically converts into HGB (Hak Guna Bangunan):

3. Indonesia Property Rights Regulation (PP No. 18/2021)

This regulation outlines rights for foreigners (Hak Pakai, HGB via PT PMA), but Hak Milik is excluded. These are the same links Indonesian lawyers and notaries use. If any agent or lawyer tells you “Yes, foreigners can own freehold,” they are speaking against written national law.

What Foreign Buyers Can Legally Own or Control

Although freehold is off limits, foreigners have multiple perfectly legal and secure pathways.

1. Leasehold (Hak Sewa) — Fully Legal for Foreigners

Indonesia’s Civil Code Articles 1548–1600 define leasing rights, and foreigners can enter long-term lease contracts without any citizenship requirement. Leaseholds can include renewal rights, resale rights, and rental rights depending on contract structure.

2. HGB (Hak Guna Bangunan) via PT PMA

This is the strongest legal structure for foreign investors from Indonesia’s official corporate licensing system. The Investment Ministry (BKPM) formally states that a PT PMA may hold HGB for:

• 30 years initial
• 20 years renewal
• 30 years extension

3. Hak Pakai (Right to Use) for Foreign Individuals

Foreigners with residency or certain visas can own Hak Pakai under Permen ATR/BPN No. 18/2021, directly from the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs. Hak Pakai is often used for homes, not rental villas.

Why Many Foreigners Still Believe “Foreign Freehold” Exists

The misunderstanding usually comes from three very specific practices in Bali’s market:

1. Nominee ownership packaged as freehold

A local Indonesian holds the Hak Milik, while a foreigner signs private agreements. These agreements are not legally enforceable in court. Indonesia’s Supreme Court has repeatedly ruled that nominee arrangements cannot override land law. Example ruling: Mahkamah Agung Putusan No. 313 K/Pdt/2017

2. HGB gets marketed as “company freehold”

Although HGB is the best legal structure for foreigners, it is not freehold and does not convert into permanent ownership.

3. Developers advertising long leaseholds as “almost freehold”

A 30-year lease — even with verbal promises of extension — is not freehold unless renewal terms are explicitly written and priced.

Leasehold vs Freehold: What Actually Drives Long-Term Value

From an engineering and investment perspective, the title is rarely the determining factor of long-term value. Over years of auditing villas in Bali, the most expensive long-term risks are:

• waterproofing failure
• trapped humidity behind walls
• poor roof membranes
• incorrectly installed AC units
• mold-prone architectural detailing
• insufficient cross-ventilation
• termite-prone timber
• drainage failure during rainy season

These issues are common across both leasehold and freehold villas. The Bali climate is unforgiving. A legally clean villa that is poorly built can cost more in repairs than the land value itself. If you want a deeper breakdown of climate-driven design risks and the investment and rental performance logic, refer to our Pillar page.

The Practical Reality for Foreign Investors

Successful foreign buyers in Bali follow a consistent framework:

• confirm title structure
• verify zoning (ITR) through ATR/BPN Services
• perform architectural due diligence
• run realistic rental performance benchmarks
• calculate extension costs into the total ROI
• evaluate structural + climatic performance
• validate developer track records

This is the same process used by institutional investors and professional operators. The real risk is not “leasehold vs freehold,” but buying the wrong villa.

Conclusion

Foreigners cannot own freehold (Hak Milik) in Bali — not via nominee, not via PT PMA, not via “special lawyer” deals. But foreigners can legally and securely control property through:

• Leasehold
• HGB via PT PMA
• Hak Pakai

What determines long-term success is not the title itself, but the villa’s zoning correctness, structural performance, humidity resilience, and ROI realism. If you want certainty before committing six figures, independent due diligence is essential.

Before You Buy Anything

Most foreign buyers lose money in Bali for the same three reasons:

1. They trust agents more than building science
2. They evaluate photos, not construction
3. They project ROI based on marketing decks—not real performance data

A villa can look perfect online and still hide $50,000–$120,000 in moisture damage behind the walls. A “10–15% ROI guarantee” can collapse the moment you check real occupancy rates or future zoning changes. If you want an architect to stress-test a villa before you commit—structure, zoning, drainage, humidity, rental demand, long-term value— you can book a free strategy call here. Independent. No commissions. No incentives to sell you anything. Just the truth you need to avoid a six-figure mistake in Bali.